http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3528 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 03:25:07 GMT 2026-04-04T03:25:07Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3534 Title: Spivakian Concepts of Essentialism and Imperialism in Gabriel Garcia's “The Autumn of the Patriarch” Authors: Motamedi, Mohammad; Talarposhti, Abdolbaqi Rezaei; Pourqarib, Behzad Abstract: In 1980, an Indian critic, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak announced strategic essentialism as a major concept in postcolonial theory. It is a special form of essentialism which involves greater scopes of post-colonial studies such as subaltern, otherness, and strategic essentialism; this term can become meaningful in an imperialistic context where oppression and suppressions are as part of thecountry. With the increase of colonialism in nineteenth century and its consequences in twentieth century, which was almost the end of this era, many writers try to demonstrate it through literature. The mentioned concepts are traceable in countries which were experiencing the imperialism; then strategic essentialism helps the margins of society to find their true identity and by using it, they can survive. This paper is an attempt to represent essentialism and imperialism in Gabriel Garcia’s The Autumn of the Patriarch. The findings of this paper may affect those countries which are still under the pressure of colonialism. The major conclusion is that if inferiors of the society unite with each other, find their true identity and stand against oppressions, then they can get rid of the oppressions. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3534 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3533 Title: Celebrating or Mourning Patriarchal Love: The Case of Curious Courtships in Marquez’s Love in the Time of Cholera Authors: Muhammad Zubair Baig, Mirza Abstract: The present study on the novel Love in the Time of Cholera is a critique of idealized patriarchal concept of love divided into higher and debased love by Freud. Love in the novel is predominantly physical and sexual in nature that involves the politics of body and eroticism by creating what Freidan calls feminine mystique. Love, omnipotent in the novel, is choleric in nature showing multi-facets of structured sexuality ranging from extramarital violations to child abuse. The novel projects intensive display of genderism and patriarchal sexual fetishes that gratify whatever masculinity can possibly imagine. There is noticeable narrative indifference towards the women presented as weaklings fallible to commercialized sex, pretty fit in their gender role exhibiting internalized sexual oppression and violence. Florentino has been promoted as an indefatigable stud and celebrated macho with magically exaggerated virility and inexhaustible libido. He has deconstructed the concept of virginity where one may have many partners but still is a virgin as one could not conquer the desired womb. The multifarious sexual violations of women, celebrated as debased love in the text, is to be mourned in the world where textualization of amour is all about sexualisation and sensationalization of female bodies resulting into exclusion of authentic female images except the character of Leona Cassiani who resists patriarchal assumptions. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3533 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3532 Title: Fragments of Azerbaijan-Russian literary relations: On Sergei Yesenin’s Baku visits Authors: Isaxanli, Isaxan Abstract: This article is devoted to Sergei Yesenin’s meetings while he visited Baku in 1924-1925; it explores his relations with Azerbaijani intellectuals, poets and writers. Here we also carry out analysis on the socio-political scene of the period during Yesenin’s sojourn to Baku. The article clarifies points related to Yesenin’s meeting with famous singer of Azerbaijan, JabbarGaryaghdioglu, as well as with popular Azerbaijani poet, AliaghaVahid, the events of which have been the subject of debate.Although many researchers consider the latter meeting to be a fact, the article emphasizes that there is no historical document to prove it. The article also contains information about Yesenin’s intermittent meetings with some famous Azerbaijani people which are still uncertain. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3532 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3531 Title: English Language Textbooks in EFL Education: Do Improve Students’ National, International and Target Culture Familiarity? Authors: Abbasian, Reza; Biria, Reza Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate English language textbooks of grade 7, 8 and 9 in theIranian Pedagogical curriculum to see to what extent students are exposed to national, international and target cultural familiar content in their classes. As Gurkan (2012) and Ganjabi (2014) say students who are familiar to cultural content of the target language have better reading comprehension scores than those who lack familiarity to target language cultural content. Since culturally familiar content of language in international and target level increases learners‟ comprehension almost in all skills, textbooks are one of their real manifestations in curriculum.The study also intended to investigate how the content of English textbooks represents national, international and target culturally familiar content for students to be well-prepared to convey their own culture to foreigners as well as to be acquainted with other cultures that they have contact with for any means anywhere in the virtual and real places.Content analysis method was used and a coding scheme was designed according to items listed in Byram‟scultural content checklist (1993). The findings of this qualitative study showed that ELT textbooks covered a restricted range ofinternational cultural content as well as target cultural content; moreover, the result revealed that just restricted amount of national culturally familiar content are applied in the English language textbooks. Based on the results of the study, some directions would be suggested to be appliedin the English language syllabus; moreover, the results can be used by teachers as a direction for adding some supplementary and complementary materials to develop English language textbooks in education for effective communication. Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3531 2017-01-01T00:00:00Z