http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3234 Sat, 04 Apr 2026 03:27:46 GMT 2026-04-04T03:27:46Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3240 Title: Effect of Items Direction (Positive or Negative) on the Factorial Construction and Criterion related Validity in Likert Scale Authors: Qasem, Mamun Ali Naji; Gul, Showkeen Bilal Ahmad Abstract: Developers of attitudinal questionnaires/ scales (of which questionnaires that compute satisfaction with usability are one type) are trained to consider questionnaire response styles such as extreme response bias and acquiescence bias. In acquiescence bias, respondents tend to agree with all or almost all statements in a questionnaire (Lewis and Sauro, 2009). The acute response bias is the inclination to mark the extremes of rating scales rather than points near the middle of the scale. To the amount that these biases exist, the affected responses do not provide a true measure of an attitude. Acquiescence bias is of particular apprehension because it leads to an upward error in measurement, giving researchers too positive a picture of whatever attitude they are measuring. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3240 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3239 Title: Postcolonial-Feminist elements in E. M. Forster's A Passage to India Authors: Tavassoli, Sarah; Mirzapour, Narges Abstract: Since postcolonial studies took the academic world by storm in the late 1980s, it has proven to be one of the most diverse and contentious fields in literary and cultural studies, a field of apparently endless argument and debate. Postcolonial literature and theory investigate what happens when two cultures clash and when one of them empowers and deems itself superior to the other. This theory moves beyond the bounds of literary studies and investigates the social, political, and economic concerns of the colonized and the colonizer. It highlights the various strategies adopted by colonized nations to resist this domination, and to decolonize their own lands and minds. In his essay, "The postcolonial and the postmodern: the question of Agency", in The location of Culture, Homi K. Bhabha asserts "postcolonial perspectives emerge from the colonial testimony of third world countries and the discourses of minorities within the geopolitical division of East and West, North and South" Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3239 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3238 Title: The Concept of Creativity in Art and in Science: Are Autistic People Creative? Authors: Astorga, Miguel López Abstract: According to the diagnostic criteria included in internationally accepted texts such as American Psychiatric Association (1994) or World Health Organization (1993), people with autism have a number of distinctive characteristics, including a certain tendency to the routine repetition of behaviors and movements, a striking tendency to revise details, very particular and defined personal interests, and a limited creativity. Thus, autism is considered to be a pervasive developmental disorder that can have important consequences for social life and personal fulfillment. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3238 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3237 Title: Expansion and Consolidation of Islam in Iran to the End of Qajar Period Authors: Hussain, Ashaq; Khaki, Ghulam Nabi Abstract: Dozy says in his excellent work on Islam, “During the first half of the seventh century, everything followed its accustomed course in the Byzantine as in the Persian empire. These two cities continued always to dispute the possession of western Asia; there were, to all outward appearance, flourishing; the taxes which poured into the treasuries of their kings reached considerable sums, and the magnificence, as well as in the luxury of their capitals had become proverbial. But all this was in appearance, for a secret disease consumed both empires; they were burdened by a crushing despotism; on either hand the history of the dynasties formed a concatenation of horrors, that of state a series of persecutions born of dissentions in religious matters. Wed, 01 Jan 2014 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12323/3237 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z