The Research University, Industry and Artificial Intelligence

Abstract

Scientific research in cooperation between science and industry occurs mainly in research universities. This article begins with a brief history of research universities, a discussion of their nature and form. Their evolution and development in Europe, the USA and China are recalled; the special importance of Graduate Schools is underlined. Cooperation between the worlds of university and industry is studied using the example in the USA of Silicon Valley, a world leader in its field and initiated by Stanford University. Presented alongside the positive American experience, is the rather negative experience of the “Russian syndrome”. The development of semiconductor, transistor and microchip technology has a decisive role in competition between modern states. The development of electrical engineering and electronics led to the creation of computers and the internet. Computers were able to conduct some operations more accurately and quickly than humans: eg. completing large calculations and playing chess. Humans (natural intelligence) began by creating artificial intelligence first as an assistant, then colleague and, now, even teacher. Artificial intelligence, currently in popular focus, has significant application in all areas of human activity.The emergence of big data, an advance of immeasurable value, and studies including neuroscience have been vital to the study of Artificial Intelligence.The article discusses machine learning, deep learning based on artificial neural networks, natural language processing, generative artificial intelligence and other issues related to AI.