Isoniazid as a substrate and inhibitor of myeloperoxidase: Identification of amine adducts and the influence of superoxide dismutase on their formation

Abstract

Neutrophils ingest Mycobacteria tuberculosis (Mtb) in the lungs of infected individuals. During phagocytosis they use myeloperoxidase (MPO) to catalyze production of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), their most potent antimicrobial agent. Isoniazid (INH),the foremost antibiotic in the treatment oftuberculosis, is oxidized by MPO. It rapidly reduced compound I of MPO [k = (1.22 0.05) 106 M 1 s 1 ] but reacted less favorably with compound II [(9.8 0.6) 102 M 1 s 1 ]. Oxidation of INH by MPO and hydrogen peroxide was unaffected by chloride,the physiological substrate for compound I, and the enzyme was partially converted to compound III. This indicates that INH is oxidized outside the classical peroxidation cycle. In combination with superoxide dismutase (SOD), MPO oxidized INH without exogenous hydrogen peroxide. SOD must favor reduction of oxygen by the INH radical to give superoxide and ultimately hydrogen peroxide. In both oxidation systems, an adduct with methionine was formed and it was a major product with MPO and SOD. We show that it is a conjugate of an acyldiimide with amines. INH substantially inhibited HOCl production by MPO and neutrophils below pharmacological concentrations. The reversible inhibition is explained by diversion of MPO to its ferrous and compound III forms during oxidation of INH. MPO, along with SOD released by Mtb, will oxidize INH at sites of infection and their interactions are likely to limit the efficacy of the drug, promote adverse drug reactions via formation of protein adducts, and impair a major bacterial killing mechanism of neutrophils.